Cal. Const., art. I, § 18 · Article I. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS

Cal. Const., art. I, § 18

Verbatim from the official edition

Text — As published in the Legislative Counsel's database, tables dated October 18, 2026 (pubinfo_2025.zip)

Treason against the State consists only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. A person may not be convicted of treason except on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act or by confession in open court.

Notes and commentary — not constitutional text

History

Sec. 18 added Nov. 5, 1974, by Prop. 7. Res.Ch. 90, 1974.

Source of truth

Edition: As published in the Legislative Counsel's database, tables dated October 18, 2026 (pubinfo_2025.zip)
Official file: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%2018.&article=I
Text hash: sha256 c5a18ddbaecc444ccd80156a578d5048a3a931772e3f8082136aeb4840fec22b
Composed by: compose_ca.py 2026-10-22: the Legislative Counsel's CAML content files read by a tokenizer (caml_readers.reader_a); an independent xml.etree reading (caml_readers.reader_b) agrees on every section

Procedural information only. Not legal advice and not a substitute for the advice of an attorney. Confirm the current text with the official publisher before relying on it.