Los Angeles County, CA
Every published instrument scoped to Los Angeles County, newest effective date first. 0 circuit-wide and 13 statewide instruments also apply here — search all three layers together. Procedural information only; not legal advice.
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Pathway case management for unlimited motor vehicle personal injury, property damage and wrongful death cases, piloted in the East District and Northwest District: notice and scheduling, sanctions for late proofs of service and case management statements, the case management conference, mediation, the joint post-mediation report and mandatory settlement conference, and deadlines that fall on a weekend or court holiday. Supersedes General Order 2024-GEN-013-00 (October 28, 2024).
Department C's courtroom information (Norwalk Courthouse): courtroom hours; general information - remote appearances through LACourtConnect, help for self-represented litigants, interpreters, court reporters (Form FW-020 for fee-waiver requests) and accommodations (Form MC-410); ex parte applications (check in at 8:30 a.m.; reviewed in chambers); case management conferences (9:00 a.m. daily; the parties meet and confer no later than 30 calendar days before); law and motion (9:30 a.m. daily; hearing dates reserved on the Court Reservation System and the motion filed within three business days); informal discovery conferences (strongly encouraged in lieu of discovery motions); the court's settlement programs; and trial preparation (a court reporter or a joint daily summary; final status conferences under Local Rule 3.25(f), lead trial counsel attending).
Department P's courtroom information (Norwalk Courthouse): hours; general information - guidelines for civility in litigation, remote appearances (not for final status conferences or trials), court reporters, interpreters and accommodation; case management conferences; law and motion (submitting on the tentative by 8:00 a.m. the day of the hearing); ex parte applications (heard at the end of the morning calendar; filed by 10:00 a.m. the court day before); notices of settlement and requests for dismissal; settlement conferences and programs; and trial procedures (court reporters and settled statements; final status conferences generally seven to ten days before trial, lead trial counsel in person) - with the department's addendum to its case management conference order for Song-Beverly litigation (discovery: general orders, production of documents within 30 days, and the vehicle inspection).
Department L's courtroom information (Norwalk Courthouse): hours; general information - guidelines for civility in litigation, remote appearances (not for final status conferences or trials), court reporters, interpreters and accommodation; case management conferences; law and motion (submitting on the tentative by email by 8:00 a.m. the day of the hearing); ex parte applications (heard at the end of the morning calendar; filed by 10:00 am the court day before); notices of settlement and requests for dismissal; settlement conferences and programs; and trial procedures (court reporters and settled statements; final status conferences generally seven to ten days before trial, lead trial counsel in person).
Effective May 1, 2025, search warrant applications and search warrant returns must be submitted electronically through the court's eSW Portal, and judges and court personnel no longer accept them at any courthouse: magistrates review submissions at all hours; peace officers flag exigent circumstances in the portal; sealing is requested at submission; electronic signatures comply with California Rules of Court, rule 2.257; and in a technical failure officers may seek in-person review.
Department 6's courtroom information, general information, final status conference order and trial procedures (West Covina Courthouse): filings; ex parte applications (Monday-Thursday at 8:30 a.m.); law and motion (meeting and conferring before any motion); tentative rulings; informal discovery conferences and motions to compel further responses; conduct of counsel and parties (LASC Rule 3.120 et seq.); interpreters; accessibility and accommodations - with the department's Final Status Conference Order (trial counsel in person) and Trial Procedures (a court reporter for trial, or daily agreed or proposed settled statements).
Court reporters deliver transcripts in criminal matters electronically (Code of Civil Procedure section 271); the number of copies for each kind of felony hearing (preliminary hearings, pleas, probation and other sentences, sentences of death and indeterminate terms, Division of Juvenile Justice commitments, probable cause determinations); plea, probation and sentencing transcripts are filed within 55 days or before sentencing, whichever is first. Supersedes 2024-SJ-007-00.
Parties seeking the appointment of a temporary judge in a Family Law case submit the stipulation and proposed order to the Supervising Judge of the Family Law Division (rather than the Supervising Judge of the Civil Division under Local Rule 2.24(f)).
Restrictions on weapons (weapons screening for all persons entering a courthouse; the persons who may enter with a firearm or dangerous weapon, the Presiding Judge's written permission, and the lock box required of those permitted), restrictions on the items on the court's attached Prohibited Items list (LASC OPS 006, reproduced), compliance with law enforcement directions, posting and service, and penalties of up to $1,500 per violation (Code of Civil Procedure section 177.5). Supersedes 2024-GEN-002-00.
Recordings from the Sheriff's courthouse video monitoring systems are in the Sheriff's custody and are not an official record of proceedings; no public disclosure is made except by order of a Supervising Judge responsible for the courthouse, in consultation with the courtroom judge, on a noticed motion served on the known litigants and counsel (and, in criminal matters, the District Attorney and the Offices of the Public Defender and Alternate Public Defender) that describes the video as narrowly as possible and the reasons for disclosure. Supersedes 2023-GEN-006-00.
A content-neutral order regulating demonstrations, distributions, solicitation and other expressive activity in and around court facilities: no prohibited activity within a courthouse or its curtilage, or within 25 feet of a courthouse doorway or of where a walkway meets the public sidewalk; no obstructing or harassing people entering or leaving; no approaching within 8 feet of people waiting in line; limits on amplification; exclusions; severability; delegation to the Supervising Judge; compliance with law enforcement; posting and service; and penalties. Supersedes 2023-GEN-005-00.
Marijuana is not allowed in a courthouse under any circumstances without a court order; the order, superseding 2023-GEN-007-00, sets out the state and federal law it rests on (Penal Code section 4573, the Controlled Substances Act, the Health and Safety Code's limits on use in public places, and Government Code section 7597's ban on smoking in and near public buildings).
No one but authorized court and court security personnel may photograph, record or broadcast, or activate a camera, microphone, recorder or broadcasting device, in any courtroom or courthouse (including entrances, hallways and court parking areas) except as Local Rule 2.17, California Rules of Court, rule 1.150 or a judicial officer's order permits; definitions of cameras, wearable devices and personal electronic devices; only media representatives may bring a camera or wearable camera into a courthouse; devices are silenced before entering a courtroom; law enforcement body cameras for passive recording; and sanctions, contempt or arrest for violations. Supersedes 2023-GEN-003-00.
Department E's courtroom information (Glendale Courthouse): civility; general information - court appearances through LACourtConnect, courtesy copies, court reporters and interpreters; pretrial matters - case management conferences (Monday through Thursday at 8:30 a.m.), law and motion (Thursdays and Fridays from 8:30 a.m.; hearing dates reserved on the Court Reservation System), discovery motions and informal discovery conferences, and ex parte applications (Monday through Thursday at 8:30 a.m.; e-filed and noticed by 10 a.m. the court day before); final status conferences and the trial binder's tabs; and trials (set for Mondays at 9:00 a.m.; court reporters, jury fees, voir dire, opening statements, demonstrative evidence, witnesses, deposition transcripts and discovery responses, objections, exhibits, multiple counsel, closing arguments and jury instructions) - with the department's Trial Preparation Order and its lemon law notices to all counsel (customary rulings re document requests in Song-Beverly litigation, and a standing order re discovery), each dated 01/02/2025.
Department M's courtroom information and trial preparation order (Santa Monica Courthouse): ex parte applications (Monday through Thursday at 8:30 a.m., Friday at 9:00 a.m.); remote appearances through LACourtConnect; motions (hearing dates reserved through E-Court; heard Monday through Thursday at 8:30 a.m. and Friday at 9:00 a.m.); and trials - the trial documents (operative pleadings first), motions in limine and trial motions, stipulations, conduct of counsel and parties, court reporters, jury selection, the lectern and approaching witnesses, objections, witnesses, reading discovery responses and deposition transcripts, reference to evidence, visual aids at opening statement, exhibits, highly prejudicial evidence and jury instructions - with the department's standing order re motions to compel further responses (printed twice in the file): an informal discovery conference before any motion to compel further responses is heard (three agreed dates, a Tuesday or Thursday at 10:00 a.m. or 2:00 p.m.; meeting and conferring; a joint brief of less than five pages two court days before).
Department 414's courtroom information (Stanley Mosk Courthouse), an individual direct calendar, general jurisdiction civil courtroom: public and trial hours; general information; law and motion (Tuesdays and Thursdays at 9:00 a.m.; submitting on the tentative by email by 8:00 a.m. the day of the hearing); discovery motions; ex parte applications (heard at the end of the morning calendar; filed by 10:00 a.m. the court day before); case management conferences; notices of settlement and requests for dismissal; settlement conferences and programs; and trial procedures (final status conferences generally on Mondays and Wednesdays at 9:30 AM, one week before trial, and the documents to be provided before them).
Department G's final status conference order and trial procedures (Pomona Courthouse South, East District): the lawyers who will try the case appear in person at the final status conference (no remote appearances); meeting and conferring beforehand; requests for a trial continuance (disfavored); motions in limine (Local Rules 3.25(f)(2) and 3.57); the documents due five court days before the conference in jury trials (CACI jury instructions, a special verdict, a joint exhibit list, with exhibits exchanged ten days before, and a joint witness list) and mandatory trial briefs; and the department's 17 trial procedures (civility, readiness, the final status conference, the 24-Pack jury selection, voir dire, objections without speaking, sidebars, witnesses, jury instructions read before closing arguments, time estimates, cell phones and the daily schedule).
Presiding Judge Samantha P. Jessner's order, with findings on the shortage of court reporters and Government Code section 69957, directing the Clerk to have deputy clerks operate electronic recording equipment in family law, probate and civil departments when the presiding judicial officer finds that the proceeding implicates fundamental rights or liberty interests, a party wishes to be able to obtain a verbatim transcript, no court reporter is reasonably available and the party could not secure a private one, the proceeding involves significant issues, and it should not be further delayed; the court may impose reasonable fees.
Department 408's case management conference and trial standing order (Stanley Mosk Courthouse): general information (mandatory e-filing and courtesy copies; court reporters; interpreters, accessibility and accommodations); pretrial proceedings - case management conferences (Monday through Friday at 9:00 a.m.), ex parte applications (Monday through Friday at 8:30 a.m.; e-filed by 10:00 a.m. the court day before), law and motion (Monday through Thursday from 9:00 a.m.) and discovery disputes (informal discovery conferences; Song-Beverly warranty litigation); trials (jury trials set for Tuesdays at 10:00 a.m., bench trials for Fridays at 10:00 a.m.; the documents for all trials; the trial day's hours); and failure to comply.
Department 636's notice of procedures (Stanley Mosk Courthouse; updated as of August 2024): courtesy copies (required, in addition to those the rules require); transferred cases; and general provisions - hearing times (ex parte matters at 8:30 a.m., case management conferences at 9:00 a.m., noticed motions at 9:30 a.m., Monday through Friday; summary judgment and adjudication motions at 10:00 a.m. on Wednesday and Friday), motions, arbitration, summary judgment motions, filings, orders, proof of service, continuances, appearances, court reporters, case management, discovery, settlement conferences, the final status conference, motions in limine, jury instructions, trial procedures, phone conferences, exhibits and verdict forms.
Appointment and compensation of court-appointed counsel in the Mental Health Department (Lanterman-Petris-Short Act matters, from the Court-Appointed Counsel Panel under Local Rule 4.124): a $250 hourly cap for clients able to pay; the PACE rate (currently $165) for those who are not; the Clerk may approve PACE claims for up to 15 hours of reappointment services a year in LPS conservatorship cases; notice at $200,000 in a fiscal year; requests for additional compensation (LASC PRO 025); and fee status at every hearing. Supersedes 2024-SJ-001-00.
Department 836's courtroom information (Stanley Mosk Courthouse), a Writs and Receivers department: public hours; Court Connect; case assignments (Local Rules 2.8, 2.9, 3.231 and 3.232); continuances; tentative rulings; ex parte applications (Monday through Friday at 8:30 a.m.); motion hearings (the regular calendar on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 1:30 p.m.; dates reserved before filing); court reporters; mandamus trials (set by the court); the administrative record; the joint appendix; evidence in traditional mandamus; and proposed judgments and writs of mandate.
Personal injury cases are filed in the district where the incident arose; since January 8, 2024, Central District personal injury cases are assigned for all purposes to independent calendar departments at the Stanley Mosk Courthouse; PI Hub Departments 30 and 31 closed (May 13 and June 24, 2024), with their older cases reassigned to Department T (Alhambra Courthouse) and Department B (Van Nuys Courthouse). The order supersedes paragraphs 2 and 3 of the Eighth Amended Standing Order for the Personal Injury Hub Courts.
Department 3's courtroom information (Alhambra Courthouse): settlement; case management conferences (Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m.); failure to appear; joint statements of the parties; motions (hearing dates reserved on the Court Reservation System) and motions for summary judgment or adjudication; ex parte applications (9:00 a.m., Monday through Friday); court reporters; discovery issues, informal discovery conferences and Song-Beverly cases (including the vehicle inspection); and the final status conference and trial (jury trials Monday through Thursday, 10:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.), with the department's jury trial and court trial preparation orders (rev. 5/14/24).
Department S25's general information (Governor George Deukmejian Courthouse, Long Beach): courtroom hours (trial proceedings generally 9:30 a.m. to 4:15 p.m.); hearings - ex parte applications (Monday through Thursday at 8:30 a.m.; e-filed by 10:00 a.m. the court day before), law and motion (Tuesday and Thursday at 8:30 a.m.; tentative rulings online by 4:30 p.m. the day before), name changes and case management conferences (Monday through Thursday at 8:30 a.m.), final status conferences (usually the Friday no more than ten days before trial, at 8:30 a.m.) and jury and bench trials (Mondays at 9:30 a.m.); filings; and miscellaneous matters, including joint daily summaries of testimony where there is no court reporter or electronic recording - with the department's Final Status Conference and Trial Orders (joint witness and exhibit lists, proposed joint and contested jury instructions, and trial policies).
Department 300's courtroom information (Stanley Mosk Courthouse): courtroom hours; case management conferences (8:30 a.m.); discovery; law and motion (from 8:30 a.m.; hearing dates reserved through the Court's Reservation System); summary judgment and adjudication; ex parte applications (Monday through Friday at 8:30am; filed by 10:00 a.m. the court day before); settlement conferences (the civil mediation vendor list, judicial mandatory and voluntary settlement conferences); trial preparation (final status conferences at 10:00 a.m.; the joint trial documents, experts, the statement of the case, bench trials and compliance); trial logistics (trial hours, time limits, sidebars, trial technology, remote witnesses, jury selection and etiquette); and the clerk's office and court support services (interpreters, court reporters).
Department F49's courtroom information (Chatsworth Courthouse): trial hours (10:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.); check-in from 8:30 a.m.; court reporters (parties provide their own, with form LACIV237 or LACIV236); filings; motions (reserved on the Court Reservation System, heard Monday through Friday at 8:30 a.m., tentative rulings possible after 3:00 p.m. the day before); courtesy copies; discovery motions (meet and confer in person or by phone); remote appearances through LACourtConnect (not for final status conferences, trials, prove-ups or settlement conferences); ex parte applications (Monday through Friday at 8:30 a.m., filed by 10:00 a.m. the court day before); trials (set on Mondays, final status conferences on Fridays 10 calendar days before); exhibits; and continuances - with the department's Final Status Conference Order: court and jury trials, the requirements for each trial document, exhibits, discovery, jury selection and witnesses.
Department A15's courtroom information (Michael Antonovich Antelope Valley Courthouse, Lancaster): general matters (contacting court staff); case management conferences (Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 8:30 a.m.); law and motion (Tuesday and Thursday from 8:30 a.m.; hearing dates reserved on the Court Reservation System); informal discovery conferences (encouraged before any motion to compel); ex parte applications (Monday through Friday at 8:30 a.m.); and trial procedures (trials set for Fridays at 8:30 a.m.; final status conferences on Wednesdays at 8:30 a.m., trial counsel and self-represented litigants in person; pretrial filings, trial binders, motions in limine heard on the first day of trial, exhibits and non-compliance).
Designated staff of the Probate and Mental Health Divisions may affix the facsimile signature of the Supervising Judge or designee to nine listed documents, among them orders appointing probate referees, ex parte petitions for final discharge, patient medication capacity appeals, orders for release of patient records, orders for CARE Act reports and notices appointing the Public Defender.
Department I's guidelines for final status conferences and trials (Santa Monica Courthouse, West District): trial preference where the parties stipulate; the final status conference and the documents needed for all trials, for jury trials only and for bench trials only; and the department's trial procedures (electronic exhibits on a thumb drive, courtroom seating, trial time and time estimates, settlement talks, sidebars, civility, a settled statement where there is no court reporter, no speaking objections, civil examinations, punctuality and voir dire).
Probate staff may terminate a conservatorship of the person (with no conservatorship of the estate) on the conservator's Notice of Conservatee's Death (Form GC-399), and set an order to show cause hearing when staff learn of a death otherwise, when a reciprocal conservatorship review report cannot be obtained within four months, or when the conservatee cannot be located. Supersedes 2020-SJ-001-00.
Designated staff of the Family Law Division, Family Court Services and the AB 1058 Child Support Commissioner Program may affix the facsimile signature of the Supervising Judge of Family Law (or her designee for the AB 1058 program) to twelve listed documents, among them mediation appointment orders, orders to show cause setting cases, final judgments on summary dissolutions and requests for judgment, fee waiver orders, and requests to continue a request-for-order hearing (the clerk may continue a hearing once). Supersedes 2022-SJ-035-00.
The mandatory training for new temporary judges in family law (bench conduct and demeanor, ethics, and three hours of substantive family law training), approval by the Supervising Judge for attorneys without ten years of family law experience or certification, and the three-year recertification (continuing training every year and at least four court sessions each year).
Department N's courtroom information and trial preparation order (Santa Monica Courthouse): filings (the General Order re Mandatory Electronic Filing for Civil dated November 5, 2018; courtesy copies); ex parte applications (Monday through Thursday at 8:30 a.m., Friday at 9:00 a.m.); telephonic appearances through LACourtConnect (check in by 8:15 a.m.); motions (Tuesday through Thursday at 8:30 a.m. and Friday at 9:00 a.m.; hearing dates reserved on the Court Reservation System); and trials - the trial documents (operative pleadings first), motions in limine and trial motions, stipulations, conduct of counsel and parties, court reporters, jury selection, the lectern and approaching witnesses, objections, witnesses, reading discovery responses and deposition transcripts, reference to evidence, visual aids at opening statement, exhibits, highly prejudicial evidence and jury instructions - and the department's order on motions to compel further responses: an informal discovery conference before any such motion is heard (three agreed dates, a Wednesday or Thursday; meeting and conferring; a joint brief of less than five pages two court days before).
Department F47's courtroom information (Chatsworth Courthouse): remote appearances (not for settlement conferences, trials or other evidentiary hearings; through LACourtConnect for all other hearings); check-in from 8:30 a.m.; court reporters (parties provide their own, with form LACIV237 or LACIV236); filings by represented and self-represented litigants; motions (reserved on the Court Reservation System, heard Monday through Friday at 8:30 a.m.; no courtesy copies); ex parte applications (Monday through Friday at 8:30 a.m., no reservation, filed by 10:00 a.m. the court day before); trials (set on Mondays, final status conferences on Fridays ten calendar days before; motions in limine heard on the first day of trial); continuances; and trial exhibits (in tabbed binders with the exhibit list).
The Civil Division's standing order for personal injury cases in the Personal Injury Hub Courts at the Spring Street Courthouse, signed by Supervising Judge David J. Cowan: authority and superseded orders; assignment of cases; final status conference, trial and order to show cause dates; transfers; filing and service; stipulations to continue trial; no case management conferences; law and motion (reservations, courtesy copies, informal discovery conferences); ex parte applications; jury fees; the final status conference and trial binders; mandatory settlement conferences through ResolveLawLA; trials; and sanctions. The General Order of May 17, 2024 (2024-GEN-003-00, carded) supersedes its paragraphs 2 and 3.
Probate Division and Probate Investigations Office clerical staff may affix the signature stamp of the Supervising Judge of the Probate and Mental Health Division, or designee, to nine listed orders (among them orders for appearance and examination, final discharge, appointment of counsel and probate referees, case reassignment, access to medical records, orders prescribing notice, and the first continuance of a probate petition hearing). The General Orders page links this file as “Standing Order Re Granting Permission to Affix Court's Facsimile Signature of a Supervising Judge, Site Judge or Designee of the Central Probate Division on Specific Documents (October 1, 2018)”.
When the County pays for minor's counsel: an hourly cap of $150.00; initial ceiling levels One to Six ($3,000 to $7,500, Level Six set by the court); compensation through the Professional Appointee Court Expense (PACE) program; notice to the Supervising Judge at $125,000 (or $150,000 with probate appointments) in a fiscal year; written requests for additional compensation; and the status of fees at every hearing. Supersedes the order of June 5, 2019.
Implements Standard 5.20 of the Standards of Judicial Administration for providers of supervised visitation and states that it supersedes Local Rule 5.25: the requirements for nonprofessional providers (declaration FL-324(NP)) and professional providers (age, background, Live Scan, TrustLine registration, Standard 5.20 training, declaration FL-324(P) with each report).
Department 307's courtroom information (Stanley Mosk Courthouse): courtroom hours; filings; courtesy copies; ex parte applications (every day at 8:30 a.m.); motions (every day, Monday through Friday, at 9:15 a.m.); remote appearances; tentative rulings (written for contested motions other than discovery motions); discovery motions; informal discovery conferences (1:30 p.m., Tuesdays through Fridays); case management conferences; final status conferences (set at the case management conference, ten days before trial) and witness lists; exhibit binders; jury trials; technology; trial continuances; and settlements.
Department A-22's courtroom information (Michael Antonovich Antelope Valley Courthouse, Lancaster), the unlawful detainer and small claims department: unlawful detainer proceedings (Mondays and Wednesdays at 8:30 a.m., 10:00 a.m. and 1:30 p.m.; jury trials daily at 1:30 p.m. in any available courtroom); small claims proceedings (Tuesdays and Thursdays at 8:30 a.m., 10:00 a.m. and 1:30 p.m.); court staff; informal discovery conferences (Code Civ. Proc., § 2016.080); and mandatory settlement conferences (principals on site with full authority to settle).
Department 406's information for counsel (Stanley Mosk Courthouse): ex parte applications; discovery (meet and confer first); tentative rulings (at the hearing and on the court's website); trials (court and jury trials generally set to begin at 8:30 a.m. on Tuesdays); and the meeting and conferring and the documents required before the final status conference for jury trials (including motions in limine served and submitted five court days before) and for court trials.
Effective September 20, 2021, documents filed by represented parties in Complex Civil matters must be filed electronically: fees are collected at filing; Judicial Council coordination proceeding (JCCP) filings must show the JCCP number and an underlying case number; rules for add-on petitions, motions and pro hac vice applications affecting multiple cases (with a list of cases, Template A); approved bulletin-board providers; and a bulk party list for cases with 25 or more parties (Template B). Replaces 2019-GEN-004-00.
Department S28's courtroom information (Governor George Deukmejian Courthouse, Long Beach), an unlimited civil trial court: public hours; post-trial motions (dates reserved with the judicial assistant); and filing (e-filed, with a printed copy delivered to the department, under the local rules).
Department 25's courtroom information (Spring Street Courthouse), a limited civil department: courtroom and telephone hours; trials (the limited civil hub conducts no jury trials; parties must be ready to be sent to a trial department, with a trial binder and five exhibit binders, trial documents e-filed at least ten days before the trial date; Department 1 assigns the trial court); scheduling law and motion hearings; discovery disputes; demurrers and motions to strike; tentative rulings; interpreters; electronic recording; and ex parte applications.
Experts appointed under Evidence Code section 730 in the Mental Health Department come from the Criminal Division's Panel of Psychiatrists and Psychologists unless otherwise ordered; the People pay for experts they request; PACE-paid experts are compensated at up to $150 an hour, with caps for grave disability reports ($1,000), competency reports ($500), other criminal-case reports ($1,000) and document review ($500); requests for more; and notice at $150,000 in a fiscal year.
Child custody evaluation reports previously admitted as exhibits that would otherwise be eligible for destruction are removed from the evidence locker and retained as confidential documents in the court record (Family Code section 3111), in any Family Law courthouse; retention may be electronic.
The filing fee for the initial petition and any transfer fee payable to the Probate Division are waived for a matter transferred from another California county whose court ordered the initial filing fee waived.
Effective October 10, 2017, all limited jurisdiction unlawful detainer cases must be filed in one of the eleven regional hub courthouses the order lists, by the ZIP code rules of Local Rule 2.3(a)(2); inconsistent local rules remain suspended. The table the order says is attached is not in the court's file.
The Presiding Judge delegates the assignment of judicial officers in all Judicial Council coordination proceedings to the Assistant Supervising Judge of the Civil Complex Litigation courts.